¹ï¨M¦³¥ý¨Ò ¯S®Ô´¶¡u¨S©³½u¡v·S¼~¼{
¯S®Ô´¶»Pªk°|´N¤J¹Ò¸T¥O¥´¹ï¥x¡A¬ü°ê¹L¥h¥ç¦³¦h¦WÁ`²Î¬D¾Ôªk°|ªº¥ý¨Ò¥i´©¡A½T¥ß¦æ¬F¡B¥ßªk¡B¥qªk¤TÅv¤À¥ß¤¬¬Û¨î¿Åªº¾÷¨î¨å½d¡C¯S®Ô´¶¬F©²¥Ø«eÁö¤´«öªk°|µô¨M°õªk¡A¤£¹L¥L¨¥½Í¶¡µL§ï½°µø¤§·N¡A¦³±M®a¹ï¦¹·P¨ì¼~¼{¡C
Á`²Î±Ñ¶D¤£¬O·sÂA¨Æ¡C«eÁ`²Îù´µºÖ¤W¥ô«á±À¥X¤@¨t¦C·s¬F¡A³Ì°ªªk°|¦b1935¦~µô©w·í¤¤ªº¡u¥þ°ê²£·~´_¿³ªk®×¡v¹H¾Ë¡F«eÁ`²Î¥§§J»¹ªº¡u¤ôªù¨Æ¥ó¡v¤¤¡A³Ì°ªªk°|¦b1974¦~n¨D¥§§J»¹¥æ¥X¯A®×ªº¿ýµ±a¡C
¯S®Ô´¶¤§«eªº¨â¥ô«eÁ`²Î¥ç´¿¾D¹J¥qªk®À§é¡C³Ì°ªªk°|2006¦~µô©w¡A³ìªv¥¬®í¦¨¥ß¯S§O¾Ôª§ªk®x¡A¼f§PÃhºÃ®£©Æ¤À¤lÄݶVÅv¡F¶ø¤Ú°¨¦b¥h¦~6¤ë©³¥ç³Q³Ì°ªªk°|µô©w¡A¥L¦b2014¦~ñ¸p¦æ¬F©R¥O¡A§åã¼Æ¥H¦Ê¸Up«Dªk¤J¹Ò²¾¥ÁÄ~Äò³r¯d¬ü°ê¨Ã¤£¦Xªk¡C
¯S®Ô´¶ªñ¤é§åµûªk©xªº°µªk¡A¸ò²Ä7¥ôÁ`²ÎªN§J»¹¦³¬Û¦ü¤§³B¡C1830¦~¥N³Ì°ªªk°|ªk©x°¨·²º¸(John Marshall)µô©w³ìªv¨È¦{¤@±ø®e³\¹Ü¨úì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªºªk¨Ò¹Hªk«á¡A¾Ú³øªN§J»¹·í®É´¿ªí¥Ü¡G¡u°¨·²º¸§@¥Xµô¨M¡A´NÅý¥L¥h°õ¦æ§a¡C¡v
¥Ø«e¯S®Ô´¶¬F©²Áö¤´«öµô¨M°õªk¡A¦ý¯S®Ô´¶ªº¨¥½×¡A¨Ò¦pÆg½à¿Wµô»â³S©M¥Áºé¥D¸q¹B°Êµ¥¡A¥O±M®a¼~¼{¥L¥i¯à·|¶i¤@¨B±±¨î¥qªk¡C
±M®a¡RÁ`²Î½°µøªk®x¥i¾D¼u¨ð
³ìªv¨È¦{¥ß¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â´IÄõ§JªL(Daniel Franklin)»¡¡G¡u¥L̦b´÷±æ¤@³õ¹ï¨M¡A³o¥¿¬O¥Áºé¥D¸qªÌ´Á±æªº¨Æ¡C¡v¥L»{¬°¡A¦pªG¯S®Ô´¶Ä~Äò¦p¦¹¡A·|±Á{½°µøªk®xªº¹H¾Ë¸o¦W¡A³Ì²×©Î±Á{°ê·|¼u¨ð¡C
¦b«eÁ`²Î¦C®Ú¬F©²¥ô¾¥qªk³¡Áp¨¹Á`«ß®vªº¥±¨½¼w(Charles Fried)ªí¥Ü¡AµØ²±¹y¦{Áp¨¹¦a°Ïªk°|´N¯S®Ô´¶¤J¹Ò¸T¥Oªºµô¨M¡A¸ò±o¦{¦a°Ïªk°|¦b2015¦~§_¨M¶ø¤Ú°¨ªº²¾¥Á§ï²¦æ¬F©R¥OÃþ¦ü¡CµM¦ÓÁ`²Î¦b¥ô´Áªì¬q´N¸òªk°|¡u¹ï¨M¡v¡A¥B¥[¥Hðã½|ªº±¡úG¬Û·í¨u¨£¡C¥L§Î®e±¡úGµS¦pªÎ¨m¼@±¡¸`¡A¡u¥L(¯S®Ô´¶)¨S¦³©³½u¡v¡C
¬ü°ê«ß®v¾Ç°|¥D®u¦hº¸¹y(Bartholomew Dalton)¥ç»{¬°¯S®Ô´¶¶S§Cªk©x¬O¿ù»~¦æ¬°¡G¡u³o¼Ë·|¯}Ãa¥qªk¿W¥ß¡A«áªÌ¥¿¬O¾Ëªk¥Á¥Dªº°©·F¡C¡v(ªÛ¥[ô½×¾Â³ø/¯Ã¬ù®É³ø)